Definition and Examples of the Fallacy of Equivocation

Equivocation is a fallacy by which a specific  word or phrase in an argument is used with more than one meaning. Its also known as semantic equivocation. Compare this with the related term of  amphiboly, in which the ambiguity is in the grammatical construction  of the sentence rather than just a single word or phrase. Semantic equivocation can also be compared to polysemy, in which a single word has associations with more than one thing and  lexical ambiguity, which is when a word is ambiguous due to having more than one meaning. An Example of Equivocation Equivocation is a common fallacy because it often is quite hard to notice that a shift in meaning has taken place, note Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric authors Howard Kahane and Nancy Cavender. The sugar industry, for instance, once advertised its product with the claim that Sugar is an essential component of the body...a key material in all sorts of metabolic processes, neglecting the fact that it is glucose (blood sugar) not ordinary table sugar (sucrose) that is the vital nourishment. Recognizing Fallacy In a broader sense,  equivocation  refers to the  use of vague or unclear  language, especially when the intention is to mislead or deceive an  audience. To dismantle a fallacy of equivocation, you must first discover the context behind the questionable terminology as it compares to the assertions an argument is attempting to prove. Have particular words or phrases been chosen because they might be relied on to lead to the wrong conclusion? Other areas to scrutinize when you suspect a statement might be fallacious are the vagueness of the claims being made or terms that have been left purposely undefined. For example, when President Bill Clinton claimed not to have had sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky, he was referring to the act of sexual intercourse, however, the way in which he presented his claim inferred denial of all types of sexual contact. The  fallacy of equivocation  occurs particularly in  arguments  involving words that have a multiplicity of meanings, such as  capitalism, government, regulation, inflation, depression, expansion,  and  progress...To expose the fallacy of equivocation you give accurate and specific  definitions  of  terms and  show  carefully that in one place the definition of the terms was different from the definition in another.(From Influencing Through Argument by  Robert Huber and Alfred Snider) Combatting Equivocation Consider the following example of a ridiculous  syllogism taken from  Informal Fallacies: Towards a Theory of Argument Criticisms by  Douglas N. Walton: An elephant is an animal. A gray elephant is a gray animal.Therefore, a small elephant is a small animal.Here we have a relative term, small, that shifts meaning according to the context. A small house may not be taken, in some contexts, as anywhere near the size of a small insect. Small is a highly relative term, unlike gray, that shifts according to subject. A small elephant is still a relatively large animal. Ferreting out equivocation in some arguments wont likely be as simple a leap of logic as with the example cited above, however, whenever possible, fallacies should be exposed for what they are, especially when social policy is at stake, such as during political campaigns and debates. Unfortunately, the image-makers who employ the art of the spin as a powerful weapon in political campaigns often rely heavily on equivocation to get their not-always-truthful messages across. Facts and data can be manipulated, either via statements taken out of their original context or by leaving out critical information that modifies a statement. Using such tactics can twist a positive into a negative or vice-versa—or at the very least cast doubt on an opponents character. For instance, say Candidate A claims to have voted for every consumer tax break since hed been elected to office. That would be viewed by many as a positive thing, right? However, what if there were simply no tax breaks voted on during his term? The candidates statement wouldnt exactly be false, however, it would say something entirely different about his voting record. Not only that, by spinning the information as he did, voters would likely get the impression that hed actually done something he had not (voted for tax breaks), and that he would likely do the same in the future. Whether or not he would is anyones guess.

The Fabrication Of Louis Xiv - 1614 Words

In the introduction to The Fabrication of Louis XIV, Peter Burke expresses his ambition to write a study of Louis XIV s public image as a whole and the changes it underwent throughout Louis s reign. This book examines the relation between art and power and the official structures responsible for making – fabricating – the image, or more appropriately, the images of Louis XIV, as well as their contemporary reception. As the title suggests and as Burke himself reminds the reader, the book as a whole focuses on the ideas of royal myth and royal narrative, and the manipulation of information. Chapters two to eight follow each other chronologically, and examine how the image of Louis XIV changed during his reign. Chapter two pays particular attention to the different media used by the king and his image-makers . This chapter is a good introduction to the different styles and genres used to create royal images, for example by comparing classicism and baroque and explaining recurrent allegories, metaphors and commonplaces used in the representations of Louis XIV. Chapters two to four give us the necessary background to understand the study of the relation between art and power in the time of Louis XIV. Whilst in chapter three, Peter Burke concentrates on how royal representations respond to contemporary events, he then is primarily concerned in chapter four with the construction of the structures of glorification of the king. The reader is introduced to two key figures inShow MoreRelatedSearch Of Lost Time By Marcel Proust1708 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel and by the seconda ry characters he meets during his life. 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In his interview with Henry Louis Gates, Wole Soyinka asserts that true emancipation from colonial thought will only come at the expense of the established education system in Africa. â€Å"Now, first of all† he says, â€Å" I think the most fundamental means is the complete reorganization ofRead MoreBourdieu What Makes A Social Class7818 Words   |  32 Pagesrepresentation that agents have of the social world and, more precisely, the c ontribution .they make to the construction of the vision of that world, and consequently, to the very construction of that world. It must take into account the symbolic work of fabrication of groups, of group-making. 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Kim has a B.Ec. from the University of Sydney, an M.Ec. from MacquarieRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization that form the controversial and challenging foundations of organization theory. †¢ The development of neo-modernist theories of organization that claim to ‘put people first’ and then the ways that these theories have been transformed into . xiv Preface ‘new wave’ approaches in which there is an emphasis on the control of organization members. †¢ We then explore the ways in which postmodern philosophies and theories of organization pose radical challenges for modernism and neo-modernismRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesOther Social Issues 589 Access to the Technology 589 Freedom of Speech 590 Hazards of Inaccuracy 590 Impact on Workers The Future 590 591 Review Questions 591 †¢ Discussion Questions 592 †¢ Bibliography 592 569 xiii xiv Contents ̈ CASE STUDY IV-1 The Clarion School for Boys, Inc.—Milwaukee Division: Making Information Systems Investments 594 ̈ CASE STUDY IV-2 FastTrack IT Integration for the Sallie Mae Merger 611 ̈ CASE STUDY IV-3 IT Infrastructure OutsourcingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesTeams 523 Team Diagnosis and Team Development Exercise 523 Winning the War on Talent 524 Team Performance Exercise 527 SKILL APPLICATION 529 Activities for Building Effective Teams 529 Suggested Assignments 529 Application Plan and Evaluation 530 xiv CONTENTS SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA Team Development Behaviors 531 Scoring Key 531 Comparison Data 531 Diagnosing the Need for Team Building 531 Comparison Data 531 531 10 LEADING POSITIVE CHANGE 533 SKILL ASSESSMENT 534 Diagnostic

Eliezer Wiesel Free Essays

My birth name is Eliezer Wiesel, and I was born on September 30, 1928, In Sighet, Romania. Throughout my life I have lived in a multitude of places, including: France, Romania – my birth place and the United States (New York). At a very young age, I found an elaborate and enticing interest In the beauty and sophisticated nature of Judaism. We will write a custom essay sample on Eliezer Wiesel or any similar topic only for you Order Now I started to attend a nearby yeshivah, in which I perused to extend my knowledge of spiritual beliefs. I was also heavily influenced by my grandfather and father, who both took a traditional and liberal perspective in their approach to Judaism. Holocaust 1943, I was fifteen; my family and I were persecuted from happiness and drained from forgiveness, all during the Holocaust. We were sent to Auschwitz and were brutally separated by the merciless German soldiers. I was afraid, alone, petrified and paranoid; being banished from your family, and being sent to a sub-camp of Auschwitz, named Buna Werke, mentally abolished me. I knew no one, nor did I want to. I was freed from Buchenwald in 1945. But the damage was already done. Never shall I forget that night, the first night in the haunting camp, which has turned my life into one long excruciating night, seven times I was cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that putrid smelling smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw heartlessly turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forgot those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to an infinite cycle of dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live long as God himself. Never. How to cite Eliezer Wiesel, Papers

Managing Project Teams Social Influence

Question: Disucus about theManaging Project Teamsfor Social Influence. Answer: Robert Cialdinis Six Principles of Influence for Influencing others Behaviors are: Commitment and Consistency Human beings have deep need for consistency and commitment towards something is what they follow to maintain that consistency. This principle can be supported with the example of the sales profession, where the marketer gets the customers to commit to something small that would ultimately propel them towards bigger commitments (Cialdini and Cliffe 2012). Authority Humans tend to obey authoritative figures, and feel a sense of obligation and duty towards them in all situations. An example that supports this principle are the Milgram experiments, where subjects torture other people with electric shocks just because they are instructed to do so by any authoritative figure. Liking Cialdini declares that humans are more prone to influence by people they like, and that might come in the form of familiarity, trust or similarity (Guadagno et al. 2013). Tupperware parties are good examples of the principle that the public would probably buy if they like the individual selling to them. Social Proof Cialdini has defined this as being based on the idea of safety, as people are persuaded to do what they observe other people doing, especially in moments of uncertainty. For instance, if coworkers work late, then we would too to comply. Scarcity Scarcity persuades consumers to perceive something as attractive and act quickly, as they feel they would miss it. This principle can be mostly found in advertisements with taglines as limited period offer. Reciprocity Humans generally want to return favors and repay. In sales world, this can be seen in the form of an added free gift. All these principles successfully assist in measuring influence and persuasion. References and Bibliography Cialdini, R. and Cliffe, S., 2012. The uses (and abuses) of influence.Harvard business review,91(7-8), pp.76-81. Cialdini, R.B., 1987.Influence(Vol. 3). A. Michel. Guadagno, R.E., Muscanell, N.L., Rice, L.M. and Roberts, N., 2013. Social influence online: The impact of social validation and likability on compliance.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,2(1), p.51.

JAPANESE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT TO AUSTRALIA A Essays

JAPANESE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT TO AUSTRALIA: AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT PERFORMANCE, CAUSES, AND PROSPECTS Khondaker M. Rahman Professor in Business Administration Graduate School of Business Administration Nanzan University, Nagoya, Japan and Visiting Professor School of Commerce and Marketing FABIE, CQ University Australia Bldg. 19, Level 2, Bruce Highway North Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia Phone: +61 7 4923 2695 e-mail: [emailprotected] Sheikh F. Rahman Professor of Accounting School of Commerce and Marketing FABIE, CQ University Australia 108 Lonsdale Street, Level 7 Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia Phone: +61 3 8662 0810 e-mail: [emailprotected] Mohamed O. Elsayed Lecturer in Accounting School of Commerce and Marketing FABIE, CQ University Australia Bldg. 34, Level 1, Bruce Highway North Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia Phone: +61 7 4930 9893 e-mail: [emailprotected] JAPANESE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT TO AUSTRALIA: AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT PERFORMANCE, CAUSES, AND PROSPECTS ABSTRACT This paper examines Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Australia in its historical continuity and change and postulates on the underlying factors. For research methods, it resorts to archival sources and qualitative induction and deduction logic. Findings suggests that there are four driving forces, namely, severe scarcity of manufacturing inputs, high cost of labour, accumulation of surplus funds for investment abroad, and firm-specific and internally created management resources in Japan have propelled its FDI to Australia. In addition to these imperatives in Japan, Australia's three sets of national advantages, namely, the advantage or resource endowments, created and nurtured advantage of an affluent domestic market, and the advantage from its historical role in promoting globalization, have attracted Japanese FDI. Especially, these national favourable conditions have enticed the market and resource-seeking Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) to select Australia for direct investment and other business operations. Japan's trade frictions with the USA and other developed countries, instability in its resource procurement sources, and imperfections in its domestic labour and capital markets further drove its MNCs to invest in Australia. Australia, on the other hand, embraced Japanese FDI and MNCs since these were stable in nature and promising for a continued business and economic engagement. Australia also finds Japan as a partner for promoting and harvesting additional benefits from business and economic globalisation in the Asia-Pacific region, where Japan plays a significant role. Both countries' strengths, weaknesses, and national interest work centripetally and centrifugally to benefit from their mutual engagement and advantage. Keywords: ASEAN, Asia-Pacific, Australia, Australia-Japan FDI, comparative advantage, driving forces, global competitiveness, Japan, Japanese outward FDI, MNCs, Oceania, regional trade and investment blocs. 1. INTRODUCTION Japan's aggregate annual outward FDI flow to Australia has increased from barely US$1 million in 1965 to US$468 million in 1985, to US$1.854 billion in 2004 (JETRO 2008). Its FDI stock in Australia has also increased constantly from US$6.881 billion in 2001 to US$19.107 billion in 2008. Australia alone receives about 6.0 per cent of Japan's outward FDI, and is increasingly consolidating its position as a major receiver of Japanese FDI and MNCs, which has heightened interest among researchers (Anderson 1998, Bayari 2004, CEDA 1997, De Silva 2006, Ishii 2000, Kumarashinge Hoshino 2009, Tanno 2005, Tsumori 2001). This paper examines Japanese FDI to Australia in its historical continuity and change, and postulates the factors that have caused such movement of FDI to this country. The paper resorts to archival data sources and qualitative induction and logical deduction to conduct the research. As a prelude to investigate various factors that induce FDI, it examines various FDI theories, and develops a logical basis of analysis and explanation. The paper proceeds as follows: First, it makes an investigation into the flow of FDI from Japan to Australia from bilateral as well as global perspectives. Then, with a brief overview of the major theoretical arguments of FDI by MNCs and nations, it examines the competitive advantages available in these two countries that initiated, proliferated, and sustained their FDI businesses. Finally, summarising the research findings, it concludes that Japanese FDI to Australia will further flourish due to both nations' historical reliance on mutual advantages and/or endowments. 2. WORLD'S OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND JAPAN World Investment Report (UNCTAD, 2009) shows that world's aggregate outward FDI has increased and reached a record high level of US$1.997 trillion (at current prices and current exchange rates) in 2007 (see Table 1). It was in the range of US$632-US$735 billion during the first four years of the current millennium (Khondaker, 2006), but rebounded and amounted to US$881 billion in 2005 and US$ 1.323 trillion in 2006 (UNCTAD, 2008). Major suppliers of FDI included the USA, UK, Canada, Austria, Belgium and Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,

Free Essays on Humanties Primary Source

Analysis of Art â€Å"The Maids of Honor† by Diego Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez is a canvas painting created in 1656-57. This piece of art is rather dark, Velasquez is controlling what it is that you see. He uses natural light such as from a window and shows how some parts of a room may be seen and other parts not. We see three maids of honor dressed in elaborate clothing preparing for a painted portrait. Servants are also in the room assisting with the activity. The artist has painted himself in the picture along with the King sneaking a peak at the preparations. Everyone seems to be looking in your direction to infer that you are in the picture or they are looking in to a mirror. As an observer of this painting I feel that a very important activity is taking place. The use of straight lines have made the figures of importance very clear. These lines are somewhat defined leaving a crisp picture. I feel this picture is very direct in imaging but confusing of what is happening. The use of color is very calm, cool and kind of vivid, only being able to see that natural light allows. The shapes in the picture seems to be people and objects that are easily recognized, yet the picture also creates an illusion and hides what is really going on (ie, what are they looking at). This picture has depth with a since of a crowd but also an impression that there is a lot of room. This painting shows how the artist used the brush to imply actual creases in the fabric to give it a real appeareance. This painting leaves a question for the viewer, a question that is complex and confusing. I feel this painting is trying to break through the bounders restricted by the canvas and try to involve the viewers. The artist restricts what we see; color creates us to look at different places in the picture. The over design makes you feel that there is more to see than meets the eye. I would value understanding the picture, being able to s... Free Essays on Humanties Primary Source Free Essays on Humanties Primary Source Analysis of Art â€Å"The Maids of Honor† by Diego Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez is a canvas painting created in 1656-57. This piece of art is rather dark, Velasquez is controlling what it is that you see. He uses natural light such as from a window and shows how some parts of a room may be seen and other parts not. We see three maids of honor dressed in elaborate clothing preparing for a painted portrait. Servants are also in the room assisting with the activity. The artist has painted himself in the picture along with the King sneaking a peak at the preparations. Everyone seems to be looking in your direction to infer that you are in the picture or they are looking in to a mirror. As an observer of this painting I feel that a very important activity is taking place. The use of straight lines have made the figures of importance very clear. These lines are somewhat defined leaving a crisp picture. I feel this picture is very direct in imaging but confusing of what is happening. The use of color is very calm, cool and kind of vivid, only being able to see that natural light allows. The shapes in the picture seems to be people and objects that are easily recognized, yet the picture also creates an illusion and hides what is really going on (ie, what are they looking at). This picture has depth with a since of a crowd but also an impression that there is a lot of room. This painting shows how the artist used the brush to imply actual creases in the fabric to give it a real appeareance. This painting leaves a question for the viewer, a question that is complex and confusing. I feel this painting is trying to break through the bounders restricted by the canvas and try to involve the viewers. The artist restricts what we see; color creates us to look at different places in the picture. The over design makes you feel that there is more to see than meets the eye. I would value understanding the picture, being able to s...

Analysis of the steel production company POSCO

Analysis of the steel production company POSCO 1. Introduction The project that started with a few people at the city of Pohang at the East coast of Korea has today grown to the company that most of us knows as POSCO. Today POSCO is not only among the top steelmakers in the world in terms production, but also in terms of technology has the company captured one of the leading positions. More specifically the company is today the third biggest steelmaker in terms of production, and has earlier figured as number before different mergers and acquisitions changed this status. POSCO has succeeded by constantly investing in new production facilities and new technologies. This is underlined by their slogan: â€Å"Resources are limited; Creativity is unlimited†. POSCO was founded in cooperation with the Korean government, which wished to create a local supply of steel. Thus, POSCO has always been highly dependant on the Korean market and the Korean government. Even today this dependence is preserved, emphasized by POSCO having 72% of their sales in Korea (Business and Company Resource Center, 2010). However POSCO is also starting to position themselves at the global market, where the patterns of competition is completely different than the ones at their home market. This paper will examine the position of POSCO at the Korean market as well as the global market, and what kind of possibilities and challenges they are facing in order to prosper. The role of technology development plays a crucial role in this matter. Despite being an old and established industry, steel production is highly dependant on the development of technology, especially in terms of new processes of production. The paper should therefore also take into consideration how POSCO will succeed in further improving their technological competencies in order to stay competitive. The structure of the paper will be as follows: After the introduction some theoretical considerations in relation to the paper will be provided. Second, a presentation of POSCO, including its historical development as well as a short presentation of steelmaking will be provided. Third, the competitive market of the steel industry that POSCO are acting in will be analysed through the model, Porter’s five forces. After this, the technological development within POSCO will be described and analysed. At last, the future challenges in terms of technology strategy and the possibilities improving their position in the market will be analysed. These will be complemented by some specific recommendations on how to prosper. 2. Theoretical Considerations This study will consist of a business strategic part as well as a technology strategic part. The aim of the paper is to explain how the technology strategy of POSCO can be utilized in order to carry out the business strategy of the company, ultimately leading to a sustainable competitive advantage. At the business strategy level this paper seeks to combine the market-based view (Porter, 1980) and the reso urce-based view (Barney, 1991; Prahalad & Hamel, 1990). The paper adopts an outward-in perspective, starting out by analysing the current market situation of POSCO. For this purpose a Porter’s five forces model is used. By making this analysis it becomes visible what kind of position POSCO holds in their current competitive environment, and how they can eventually use their internal resources, more specifically technologies, to obtain a more favourable position relative to their nearest competitors. The resource-based view is not applied in the same systematic way, but rather as a mean to understanding the importance of technology development for the overall resources of the company.

Starbucks and their Substitutes. How the company stayed dominant Essay

Starbucks and their Substitutes. How the company stayed dominant against their competition before, during, and after the recession - Essay Example The period is characterized by the plunge of GDP by two triumphant quarters. Unlike its competitors, Starbucks, and their substitute have managed to stay dominant before, during and after the recession. The analysis of why Starbucks has been dominant is incredibly vital to every organization especially those companies that experience a tremendous decrease in trading activity during the recession. Starbucks can be considered as a sample test to every company that is planning to start trading in the coffee industry as well as the imminent companies on how to maintain their trading activities regardless of the economic period. During the recession, the company attempted to have a massive expansion program. There is a range of advantages that are related to the development of markets especially to a company that is already established. Some of these benefits include better turnover due to high trading, creation of employment among others An expansion and especially in an in a recession period can be beneficial to the company and at the same time it can limit. For instance, the company can acquire a significant market share before its competitors have any plan on their situation. Conversely, the company may become overexposed to various levels of risks which may reduce or constrain the company’s future programs (Higbee, Liaw, Ting, Tjho, & Ton, 2008). Fundamentally, Starbucks situation can be seen from two dimensions including a liberal and a conservative view. From a liberal point of view, Starbucks and its substitute have effectively managed to secure it going concern through the various risk control mechanism. In contrast, the Starbucks strategic plan can be viewed as a way of exposing itself to it competitors There are various alternatives actions that the company can take to ensure that they do not lose their competitive advantage despite the various drawbacks. These measures include maintaining quality standards,

Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Analysis - Assignment Example At one time, he addressed some of their concerns in terms of the remuneration that they got as a result of their works, while at another time; he compared them, especially the less intelligent ones with draft animals. Taylor argued that all tasks that an employee was assigned could be organised in such a way that the productivity of the worker would increase and that his scientific theory of management was more effective than the usual ‘initiative and incentive’ method, which was based on increasing productivity by placing responsibility on the worker to figure how to do it. In order to establish the best possible way to carry out a job, Taylor carried out some experiments, which he labelled time studies or as time and motion studies. In these studies, he used a stopwatch to time a worker’s motions in order to determine the most effective way to carry out a job based on the way that took the least time1. The chapter talks about the use of theory in public administration, all the past events have happened because of public administration; several theories regarding public administration have been brought forward, however, there are still others that have not been fully developed, these theories are classified as useful depending on their ability to describe, explain and predict matters regarding public administration. For a theory to be useful, it must have the ability to describe or to depict real life events with some level of thought, in these theories, there must be some explanations to some of the discrepancies in real life. In public administration, theory has been simply defined as a framework that, this definition of theory differs from other definition of theory in other sciences. In public administration, theories are classified depending on their degree, form the nature of its elaboration The author questions whether it is possible to have a useful and

September 11, 2001 Essay Example for Free

September 11, 2001 Essay On September 11, 2001 before 9:58am Eastern Central Time, the world changed forever. It is not overly dramatic to state this. America and the West is now faced with a new and highly dangerous enemy who hijacked planes and a religion in order to spread their blurred message of a new Islam in which all who do not believe as they do, are meant to meet a cruel death. It does not matter to these hijackers that 99% of Muslims do not adhere to these principles and who have openly condemned the actions of the violent minority. What only matters is the idea that America supports Israel and therefore is evil. America yields too much freedom to their people and as a result, is seen as a threat to Muslim countries. On September 11, 2001 in New York City, The Pentagon in Washington and in a field in Pennsylvania, the terrorists added to their long list of attacks on the West. There have been multiple attacks by Islamic terrorists before 9/11 and many more in the years since. Many of these attacks have been attributed to, either by various factions of the American government, or by the terrorists themselves who call themselves Al-Qaeda. The history of this terrorist group is relatively new in the history of Islamic terrorists but which have contributed a great deal to the West’s perception that Muslims sponsor terrorists in its many forms and that the Qu’ran supports it. What also is not in doubt is the way in which life in America has been changed while this society is at war. In every war, America has tightened its civil liberties in one form or another in order to put the successful completion of the war at the top of its list of proprieties. There has been a segment of the population that has decried these actions of the government. This is not a debate as to which sides are right and what, if any measures need to be taken in order that the war meets its swift and successful completion. This report is to analysis the ways in which the attacks on 9/11 have affected America, the justification that Al-Qaeda gave for their attacks and the response that America has given, both in the Middle East and here in America. The war continues and as long as it continues and American seeks to end Islamic extremists from their quest to entice a holy war through their murder of innocent people in Madrid, London, New York, Yemen, various parts of Africa and Bali as well as failed attempts recently at JFK airport where five African nationalists sought to blow up the airport but which was fortunately stopped. (Pearson, 2007 pg. A4) It seems like a necessary aspect of future life in America as the dangers of terrorists, both home grown and abroad who seek to disrupt and kill Americans which has prompted a tightening of the civil liberties in this country. As a result, in a time of war, certain changes to the way in which we live, are imposed on the general public by the government. After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the country wanted to know the: who, what, where and why of this most tragic event. Not since the bombing of Pearl Harbor had America been hit with such a blow from an overseas source. In the coming days, it was presumed by the government that Osama Bin Laden and the terrorist group Al Qaeda was responsible for the attacks. Despite the initial refusal to take credit or blame for the attacks by Bin Laden who stated in the immediate days following the attacks: â€Å"I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation,† soon changed into a proud proclamation of the responsibility which the government had known all along, belonged to Osama Bin Laden and the terrorist group Al Qaeda. Michaels, 2002 pg 108) It them fell upon the CIA and other various governmental groups who were part of the 7,000 member terrorist reaction force of the government to gather as much information about the above mentioned in order to help orchestrate a response, as well as being able to tell the public some important background information about a group, which before 9/11, few people had really known much about. (Page 2005 pg. A16) The origins of Al Qaeda date back to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. (Michaels, 2002 pg. 339) This was a highly controversial action on the part of the Soviet Union which eventually prompted President Carter to boycott the 1980 Olympics which were to be taking place in Moscow that summer. After the invasion, a young Osama Bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan in order to join forces with the Afghan troops in dispelling the Soviets from their lands. After a very expensive war which took more than nine years, the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan and the force which was credited with this surprise victory, was soon labeled Al Qaeda. The mission statement of Al Qaeda consisted of three main points. They were their disapproval of what they considered to be US aggression towards the Iraqi people during the Persian Gulf War of 1991, the US military occupation of the Arabian Peninsula and most of all, America’s support for Israel. Due to the fact that at that time, America regarded the Soviet Union as being by far, the worse and more powerful of possible aggressors to the United States that Afghanistan or Al Qaeda could ever be, it is believed that support was given to Bin Laden in the form of guns and other supplies. Peter Bergan, the celebrated CNN journalist and one of the first in the West to interview Osama Bin Laden, commented on the idea that America was somehow to blame for the aggression which Bin Laden showed to America on September 11 and other terrorist attacks on America during the 1990’s. â€Å"The story about bin Laden and the CIA- that the CIA funded bin Laden or trained bin Laden- is simply a folk myth Bin Laden has his own money, he was anti-American and he was operating secretly and independently. The real story here is the CIA did not understand who Osama bin Laden was until 1996, when they set up a unit to really start tracking him. † (CNN, 2003) The latter part of this statement is definitely true. One of the fundamental flaws of both the Clinton and now Bush administrations was the inability of the government to understand that region of the world: the Middle East and how it operates, thinks and functions. In failing to do so, the war in Iraq as well as other factions of the war on terror, are at a severe disadvantage. The real hatred that bin Laden had for America came during the Gulf War of 1991. â€Å"When Saudi Arabia allowed the American military to work from their air and land space against Iraq, despite the fact that bin Laden was no friend of Iraq at that time and even offered his services to Saudi Arabia in the event of an attack by Iraq, bin Laden vowed to carry out strikes towards the United States and relations both the Saudi Arabia government, its royal family, as well as his own family who would soon come to disowned him. (CNN, 2003) What was clear and unmistakable was the fact that in the years leading up to 9/11, Al Qaeda would make itself known to the United States to such a degree that in the immediate days after 9/11 there was little doubt as to who was responsible for the attacks. The government and others around the world was able to support their first impressions only days after the attack with a plethora of proof of past attacks and harmful and hateful rhetoric towards the United States of America. One of the earliest attacks after the Gulf War was the bombing of the World Trade Centers in January of 1993. Ramzi Yousef used a truck bomb housed in the basement of the World Trade Center in an attempt to bring the massive structure down. Six people were killed and another 1,042 were injured. $300 million in damage had occurred but luckily, the structure was not destroyed. (Michaels, 2002 pg. 145) Yousef was eventually captured in Pakistan. In 1996, bin Laden, despite the lack of credentials within Islam to give such an edict, gave a fatwa or a religious edict which amounted to a declaration of war against the United States and all of its allies. Another fatwa was given on February 23, 1998 which stated: â€Å"The ruling to kill Americans and their allies-civilians and military- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem and the holy mosque in Makka from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all of the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim†(CNN 2003) This was not the official stance of Islam because bin Laden did not possess the necessary credentials within Islam to give such an edict. In October 2000, Al Qaeda militants in Yemen bombed the missile destroyer the USS Cole in a suicide attack in which 17 servicemen and women were killed. The ship was damaged a great deal and the success of the attacks helped to embolden Al Qaeda for an attack on an even larger scale in the following year to occur. 9/11 was now being planned for a specific date to be fulfilled as soon as possible. After the attack on September 11, 2001, on September 27, 2001, the names and faces of the 19 hijackers were sent to the press, released by the FBI as part of their massive 7000 member force. The United States and soon to follow the United Kingdom placed their blame squarely upon the hands of bin Laden and Al Qaeda. This quick assertion as to who was to blame for the attacks stemmed in part to the various fatwas that bin Laden had sent to the United States as well, specifically the 1998 fatwa which called for the killing of American civilians on a large scale. Also, despite the fact that bin Laden originally rejected the idea that he was behind the attacks, in November 201, the US forces recovered a videotape which was retrieved from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan in which it records bin Laden admits foreknowledge of the attacks. On December 27, 2001, a second bin Laden tape was released to the press in which he stated: â€Å"Terrorism against America deserved to be praised because it was a response to injustice aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel which kills our people. (Dobbs 2005) In other video tapes messages, some dated as recently as 2005, bin Laden confessed that he had personally directed the 19 hijackers and encouraged similar and future attacks to take place on not only America but in the West. This would soon come to fruition when a train bomb in Madrid killed 200 innocent commuters and over 190 were killed in Bali, an island off the coast of Indonesia in 2002. Other attacks in London and further attempts to attack America in multiple plans which have since been stopped has convinced many in America, as well as the American government, that new and strong measures must be taken in order to ensure the future safety of all American citizens. This increased protection has come in the form of the Department of Homeland Security and the Patriot Act as being the most famous and self encompassing laws which the government has passed since the attacks on September 11th. One of the direct results of September 11 came in the form of governmental reaction and a desire to tighten the laws which had not functioned properly in the pursuit of keeping Americans safe which it states in the Constitution, is one of the most important functions of the government. The Patriot Act was passed only forty five days after the attacks on 9/11 which in comparison to the length of time it takes to pass any type of bill in Congress, this was done at lightening speed. The Patriot Act increases the ability of the federal government to enforce laws and to search telephone and email conservations and to spy on any that are deemed to be of a suspicious nature which may be harmful to the security of the United States and its allies. As a result, communication, financial, medical and other records; any records which are of a private nature are at the disposal of the American government when it is believed that its owner is either directly involved in or which contributes to any terrorist activity which puts the safety of America in jeopardy. Despite the controversial aspects of the bill, it was renewed on December 31, 2005. The Patriot Act is divided up into ten different titles or areas of interest which the newly formed Department of Homeland Security now has jurisdiction over these additions. They include terrorism, strengthening the borders, to crack down on international money laundering, strengthen the laws against terrorism, and enhance surveillance procedures and to improve intelligence and to provide for victims of terrorism and to promote the public safety of officers and their families. The last title, Title X states only: Miscellaneous. It is the vagueness of this and other aspects of the Patriot Act which has many at the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) and others who are weary of government’s role in the lives of average Americans, which prompts outrage towards such expansions of the government’s power and control. The sheer majority of those who would criticize the government is no friends of terrorism and wants terrorism to be kept away from America’s shores. However, they are highly critical of the Patriot Act as they believe that when given additional power, more power from the government at the expense of the freedoms of the people, will be compromised. One example of this was the highly controversial surveillance program which President Bush used to spy on the email and phone conversations of hundreds of suspected terrorists or advocates of terrorism who were either making calls from or to America. Before the Patriot Act, any such surveillance programs would first require a court order. â€Å"During the Clinton Administration, more than a thousand such court orders were given to legally spy on the conversations of suspicious people. † (Michaels, 2002 pg. 87) President Bush felt that, and there were many to disagree, that under the increased powers which the Patriot Act gives the President, such court orders are unnecessary and only hamper the business of the government’s desire to keep America safe. Upon hearing this, many in Congress as well as their constitutions called for formal charges to be presented against the President. To date, no such charges which has been forthcoming? The Patriot Act falls under the large r government post called the Department of Homeland Security. Under this newly formed governmental organization, additional organizations were added to the government. The criticisms which are levied towards the Department of Homeland Security are two fold: One, it is seen by many as an intrusion on the average American’s civil liberties. Second, it is seen as simply an extension of ineffective governmental autocracy with their dealing of Hurricane Katrina being one of the worst examples. Since its formation only three short years ago, the Department of Homeland Security has been blamed for putting into practice, the surveillance of hundreds, if not thousands of individuals who 99% of the time, end up having no possible connection to terrorism of any kind. These operations cost the government billions of dollars and serves as a further fleecing of America as viewed by many. Also, despite its ability to foil plans of numerous plots to bring damage to the United States through the form of another terrorist attacks, new reports often emerge about the incompetence of the Department of Homeland Security. In August 2006, a bipartisan group of senators on the Appropriations Committee described the Sciences and Technology Directorate, the department which is in charge of the research for the Department of Homeland Security, as â€Å"a rudderless ship without a clear way to get back on course†. Michaels, 2002 pg. 199) However, this has not stopped the Department of Homeland Security from making public, the successes of the government who, by the end of 2004, had captured 368 individuals who were formally charged in criminal terrorist activities. The chief critics of Homeland Security, the ACLU, has stated that in these arrests, the gover nment has overstepped its boundaries and that such search and seizures tactics are unconstitutional as well as not being in the best interest of the American people. Since the war in Iraq not going as swiftly as promised, public support for the Patriot Act has faltered. In January of 2002, 47% of Americans were in favor of added measures by the government to stop terrorism, even if it meant the suspension of civil liberties. Two years later, in February of 2004, that number has dropped to 31% and is expected to further decrease. ( Page 2005 pg. A16) On September 11, 2001, the world as we know it changed forever. All those who were alive on that day will forever be able to tell their children and grandchildren where they were when they heard the news that America has come under attack by extremists as an attempt to bring America into subjugation towards their ideologies about the world. In the immediate months after the 9/11 the country was united against those who would seek to impose their ideology upon a democratic nation by way of terrorist attacks. In that surge of patriotism, the Patriot Act was passed which gave far reaching powers to the federal government in the form of increased power to regulate phone and email conversations as well as impose their will upon whomever the federal government felt was in league with terrorists in any way. These increased measures by the government has brought a lot of criticism from average Americans who are weary about this sudden and dramatic increase in the power of the federal government and see a furthering of the fleecing and ineffective use of the taxpayers’ money in the pursuit of these terrorists. Some derive this feeling from a disbelief in the severe motivations of the terrorists who have struck all around the world. Others derive these feelings because they so intensely hate the current administration and feel that nothing that they do is ever right or good enough. However, the majority who criticize the rapid increase in the government in this way, know all too well that the government runs like a highly ineffective and inefficient machine and that any efforts to stop the spread of terrorism to America, will come at a price of billions of wasted dollars, millions of hours of wasted time and to date, hundreds of people who have been sent to prison without the benefit of being formally charged, come to this new war on terror in the form of collateral damage. Some say that this is to be expected in a time of war. Others say that the federal government has gone too far in the expansion of their power in order to combat terrorism which it is felt, is not entirely true but that the spying of average Americans is the government’s true aim. Whatever the truth, all agree that another terrorist attack, similar to 9/11 must be avoided and that what happened on that day, which is still fresh in the minds of those who refuse to forget those who perished on that Tuesday morning; some jumping 1000 feet to their death, that those people should not have died in vain. To do nothing and hope that another attack will not come to American soil, does do a disservice to those who died and the pain that comes from the loss of a loved one. Al Qaeda is still alive and despite taking a major hit in Afghanistan, have since regrouped and have come back with a redoubled vigor as the troubles that America is having in Iraq seems to only embolden their cause. Whatever one believes about America’s roll in inviting these attacks or if such brutal hatred towards 3200 innocent men, women and children can have no justification as well as the more than 20 bombings accredited to Al Qaeda around the world or if the Patriot Act is seen as necessary or an intrusion of an ineffective and dishonest government, one must recognize that after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the world is a different and scarier place than it once was and it seems that in this new war on global Islamic terror, nobody is safe.

court system Essay -- essays research papers fc

The basic role of the Canadian court system is to deliver justice between two individuals or two individuals and the state. There are four levels of court in Canada. Provincial courts are the lowest in terms of power. They handle most of the day to day cases. The next court in terms of power is the provincial and territorial superior courts. These courts take care of the more serious crimes that are admitted into the system, and can also take appeals from provincial court judgments. Another that has the same amount of power as the provincial and territorial superior courts is the Federal Court. Next are the provincial courts of appeal and the Federal Court of Appeal. The court with the most power in Canada is the Supreme Court. All members of the judiciary in Canada, regardless of the court, are taken from the legal profession. Each province and territory has a provincial court. All cases involving either federal or provincial laws take place here. These courts don’t particularly have similar names, but they follow the same rules. Provincial courts deal with the most cases, most of which include: provincial regulatory offences most criminal offences, traffic violations, family law, young offenders. Private disputes involving money can also be dealt with at this level in Small Claims courts. As well, all preliminary inquiries take place before the provincial courts. Some provinces and territories have domestic violence court programs. These programs provide services to victims. There are specific courts set up for certain offences. The object is to address the needs of non-violent offenders who are charged with criminal offences. Youth courts handle cases that have someone with the age of 12-17 is charged with an offence. Depending on the age of the youth, different precautions are taken, for example privacy protection. Courts at either the provincial or superior court level can be designated youth courts. These courts are often referred to as inferior, but are only called that to show the difference in power between the other courts, and it’s ranking with them. The superior courts of each province and territory both have a court of general trial jurisdiction and a provincial court of appeal. Something different about these courts is that they have more power than just their own province. They have power over areas where the federal government is granted l... ...the lower courts, it can be 75 as well, or 70. The basic role of the Canadian court system is to deliver justice between two individuals or two individuals and the state. This is achieved through four levels of court. These are the provincial courts, the provincial and territorial superior courts as well as the Federal Court, the provincial courts of appeal and the Federal Court of Appeal and the most powerful, the Supreme Court. All judges are appointed by the Federal government and the provincial government. All of this is done for the needs of the public. Works cited Cassel, Blakes. "What is the Canadian court system like." Doing Buisness in Canada. Blake Cassel and Graydon LIP. 07 Jan. 2003 . "The Canadian Justice System and Law Enforcement." Canadian Embassey. 12 Jun. 2004 . "The Court System." Justice. 09 May. 2005. . "Overview of Canadian Law." Canadian Law Site. 12 Oct. 1999 . "Canada's Court System." Canada's Court System. 20 Sep. 2002 . MacKenzie, Norman . Canada and the Law of Nations. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1999. "Citation Machine." The landmark Project. Landmark. Jan. 2004 .

Pros and Cons of Lenski’s Socio-Cultural Developement Essay

Lenski’s levels of socio-cultural explain the changes in cultural ideas which are caused by new technology. There are four levels of development: hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry. The first level of development is hunting and gathering. Hunting and gathering is the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation. Some benefits of this stage could be that they all did basically the same thing, therefore, more equality in their society. They also lived in small groups instead of large communities, so they were more socially intertwined. Some of the negatives where having to move a lot to follow migrating animals and finding food when their supply ran out. Another is that they were extremely vulnerable to natural disasters. With all members doing these tasks, there wasn’t much time for other things. The second level is horticulture and pastoralism. Horticulture is the use of hand tools to raise crops, and, pastoralism is the domestication of animals. The positives of this stage include being able to feed more which led to larger settlements. Also they were able to stay in the same place if they did both of these things. Some of the drawbacks were that rulers started coming into play. Also, they had to find good soil to plant crops. If their society depended basically on pastoralism they tended to be nomadic. The third level is agriculture. Agriculture involved large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources. Some of the positives of this stage include less human labor and large food surpluses. This also led to more work choices and time for some to study and cultivate a refined way of life. Some of the negatives included a more impersonal and individualistic social life. This caused more social inequality and caused there to be a few elite and many serfs. Men also started gaining more power over women. The fourth level is industry. Industry involved the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery. There were many benefits and negatives to this stage. Some of the benefits include a lot less human labor which in turn boosted productivity. There also became much  more transportation, communication, and schooling. This started more personal freedom, political rights, and less inequality. The living standards also increased in this stage, which spurred advanced medical care. Some of the drawbacks were the large factories where people were supervised by strangers. Also many cultural values surrounding family-centered life were pushed aside, which weakened the community. We also started to abuse the natural environment and created more weapons. These stages led to major changes in the way of human life. There were many benefits and drawbacks to each stage. We can learn many things by seeing the way things have changed and by studying our history.

Difference between Eastern and Western Philosophy Essay

The history of philosophy is full of dichotomies.   Concepts such as empiricism vs. rationalism, permanence vs. change, appearance vs. reality, monism vs. dualism, and the problem of the One vs. the Many, all have become part of the history of philosophy.   The same is true for Eastern and Western Philosophy.   While at certain points these two philosophies converge, the dichotomy between the two philosophies is not merely geographical but substantial as well. Eastern Philosophy is the philosophy found in the Asian continent which includes Indian Philosophy such as Hinduism, Chinese Philosophy such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, Japanese Philosophy, such as Zen Buddhism and Iranian Philosophy such as Zoroastrianism.   On the other hand, Western Philosophy is the philosophy found in the Western countries which is classified according to era beginning with Greek Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, Renaissance Philosophy and Modern Philosophy. Both philosophies also differ in their concept of Religion.   In Eastern Philosophy, their religion is integrated with their philosophy and is considered as their way of life.   For instance, Buddhism is not only a school of philosophic thought but is also a religion for Chinese.   On the other hand, in Western philosophy religion is either opposed or considered separate from their philosophy.   For instance, doing the right thing is a desired end not because of religion but because it is considered as the ultimate good for man. Both philosophies also differ in how they see the relationship between God and the physical universe.   Eastern philosophy considers God as one with the physical reality. (Tony Page 1)   For instance, Buddhism sees God as present everywhere and can be found in trees, soil, or even water.   On the other hand, God is either disavowed by atheist philosophers or considered distinct and separate from the universe.   Cited Works Page, Tony.   â€Å"God in Buddhism: Is there One?†Ã‚   Hollisticshop.co.uk.   2005.   January 2, 2009.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

music in the 80s essays

music in the 80's essays The 80s were very important years in music history. Known as the decade of excess, the 80s brought a more visual experience to music. From fireworks at concerts to MTV, the 80s made sitting next to the radio a thing of the past. Musicians became more into their image then ever before. The 60s were the natural, feel good music era. The 70s were the dance crazed disco era. By the time the 80s rolled around, people needed something new and crazy. Peoples hair was outrageous, and the 80s got the name, the big hair decade from this. Bright colors and flashy clothes were also the craze. Hair and clothes were a direct reflection of the music people listened to. I WANT MY MTV!! was the cry from thousands of teens during the 80s. MTV, otherwise known as music television, brought videos along with music to TV. MTV brought the artist closer to their fans by being in their homes and showing how they look, along with how they sound. The term VJ also came about when MTV needed host or, video jockeys instead of DJs. MTV became a place where unknown artists could become huge. Some of these artists are still known today like Madonna, Duran Duran, Devo, The Police, Prince, Michael Jackson, R.E.M., Public Enemy, and many more. The music video brought a new style of life to peoples homes. Hair and clothing were very much effected but also cars, sports, and other subjects were effected. After seeing rock stars drive American muscle cars in their videos, people went and bought Mustangs, Novas, T-birds, and Corvettes. Even sports stars wanted a part of music. Many athletes would be in videos to show their support to their favorite artist. The post-disco decade brought more wild music, and dancing to America. Rock and Roll was the biggest form of music at the beginning of the decade. Rock and Rolls fans were most ...

Intellectual Evolution from Adolescence to adulthood Essay

Intellectual Evolution from Adolescence to adulthood - Essay Example In this stage, the individual reaches the final form of cognition (Smith, 2001). Specifically because the have grown pass the need for concrete objects to make rational decisions allowing the to engage in abstract mental modeling. They are capable of conceiving the hypothetical and engaging in deductive reasoning (Smith, 2001). This is a more mature method of thinking because they are able to see both sides of an issue which is key to problem solving skills possessed by adults. The evolution to adulthood occurs when they begin to specialize in the professional careers. Such an evolution indicates that the adult has found a niche objective where all other mental formations are a direct extension of the initial knowledge foundations (Smith, 2001). The mark of an adolescent is indeed his ability to conceptualize the abstract, while the mark of the adult is the ability to turn those abstract conceptions into executed objectives. Adulthood is defined by more than the individuals ability t o engage in cognition, rather it is based on their ability to focus those cognitive skills and apply it towards a specialized interest. Works Cited Smith, L. (2001). Jean Piaget. In J. A. Palmer (Ed.), 50 modern thinkers on education: From Piaget to the present. London: Routledge.

Solow Growth Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Solow Growth Model - Essay Example Solow Growth Model is a standard neoclassical model of economic growth developed by Robert Solow. This model holds that economic growth is linked to capital accumulation and the population growth (Zhuang and St Juliana, 2010, p. 65). Solow growth model postulates that under equilibrium, the level of per capita income is determined by prevailing technology, rates of saving, rate of population growth and technical progress all which are assumed exogenous (Barossi-Filho, 2005, p. 37). Given that the rates of population growth and levels of saving are varying across countries, the model gives testable predictions on assessing how the two can influence economic growth of countries. Solow model has been criticized by different theorists given the assumptions made by this theory. This paper will explain the impacts of both population growth and increase in the saving rates upon economic growth. Moreover, the paper will explain how Solow model accounts for technological progress and assess w hether Romer model improves on this. Impact of both population growth and an increase in the savings rate upon economic growth Increased production of goods and services leads to economic growth. In the light of this statement, any country that desires to achieve economic growth must have optimal factors of production (Song, 2009, p. 7). The factors of production include capital, labor, technology, land and entrepreneur. When these factors are optimized economic growth of the country will be positive. Solow growth model predicts that economic growth results from accumulation of capital and population growth rate (Zhuang and St Juliana, 2010, p. 65). Moreover, the model starts by making an assumption of capital accumulation is subject to diminishing returns (Stein, 2007, p. 193). Solow model argues that developing countries with low capital stock can achieve higher economic growth compared to developed countries by increasing their savings and investment rates. Solow model postulates that increased rates of savings leads to capital accumulation. The theory behind increased savings resulting in capital accumulation is that higher savings leads increased amount of funds that can be offered as credit for capital investment. Consequently, this borrowed capital will be invested in the production industry and therefore the gross domestic products will be higher (Song, 2009, p. 9). Investment is required for the development of infrastructure required for production. However, Liu and Guo (2002, p. 25) argues that economic growth of a country depends on its ability to deploy the savings to finance capital investment. In the Solow model, the second factor identified to influence economic growth of a country is its population growth. Population provides an important factor of production; labor and consequently as population grows it adds to the available labor it contributes to economic growth of any country. However, given the rule of diminishing returns on factors of pr oduction it is necessary to strike equilibrium between the labor and other factors of production (Song, 2009, p. 10). The combined effect of impact of increased rates of saving and population growth can be understood using the Solow model. This model offers testable predictions since these two factors are different across nations. Song (2009, p. 9) argues that countries having high saving levels usually have higher per capita incomes while those experiencing high population growth have lower per capita inco